2. Proprioception: 9x's rule: For individuals with hypotonia it takes 9 times the effort to get enough tone and to a ready state to even begin to corticalize the information being taken in by muscles and joint receptors. 1 ½ to 2 hour latent affect keeps effects like the sensations are still present.

• Proprioceptive input causes a release of Serotonin: which is the master regulator chemical in the cortex

• Serotonin and Dopamine levels increase with proprioception

• can't get too much serotonin

• breaks up dopamine to prevent hyperactivity and over processing of information resulting in a neutral state

• Master Modulator Chemical

• Sets the firing level for all other neurotransmitters if released suddenly in large amounts brain responds with endorphins "emotional highs"

• self-injury causes release of serotonin (this is why children bite, pinch, hit, head bang, etc.)

When serotonin decreases and norepinephrine increases you will see aggression which often results in the individual receiving proprioceptive and deep touch input (holding down, firm grip, etc.) which enhances serotonin levels back to a calming level causing a terrible cycle of acting out, getting deep touch through punishment, then they get their "fix"-- a release of serotonin to decrease aggression.

3. Tactile: Deep touch is always better than light touch to result in a calming and organizing input, not a protective or avoidance response.

• Deep touch: massage, calming due to release of brain chemicals, parasympathetic response

• Light touch: fly on skin, being brushed lightly in a crowd, alerting and arousing brain chemicals, sympathetic flight or fright response, aggression, hyperactivity

• Deep Massage or Pressure Touch(brushing of skin): Increases Dopamine (Pleasure chemical, activity, helps us stay emotionally neutral and balanced), Nerve Growth Factor Release (fertilizer for neuron growth which creates cortical pathways and more efficient processing), and a Parasympathetic Response (relaxed, neutral, homeostatic state).

Some points to remember:

• The reticular formation is responsible for sensory modulation ( remaining in a calm and relaxed state) which is enhanced by vestibular input and proprioception.

• The limbic structures MMOVE us: Motivation, Memory, Olfaction, Viscera, Emotion and these structures are enhanced best by Deep Pressure Touch.

• Self injurious behaviors are almost always a sure indicator of Sensory Defensiveness!

• Self stimulation and "shutdown" are almost always a sure indicator of a Sensory Defensiveness or a Modulation problem!

• You have to treat sensory disorders beginning with Sensory Defensiveness through brushing and joint compressions done every 90-120 minutes for at least 2-3 months, followed by a sensory diet routine in their everyday life, then work on sensory modulation, regulation, and integration in that order to gain the best results.

• Often is the case that if someone is seeking a certain type of input then it may not indicate that they need it, it is more likely that if they needed more of that input then they would benefit from it (other than release of pleasure chemistry). Whatever sensation they seek the most is often their best integrated sensation. For example: a child that rocks or spins usually has the best integrated vestibular system and this system is working the best for them. A child that avoids touch has the poor touch system.

**We all use sensory calming techniques in our world, many people can be observed "self regulating" or calming themselves in a classroom or work setting such as these behaviors:

• fidgeting with pencil

• rocking feet

• rocking in a chair

• squirming in seat

• nail biting

• smoking

• twirling hair

• tapping feet or hands on table

• doodling

• biting lips

• leaning heavily onto table

• getting up to move around during breaks

• going for walks

• exercising

• and those whose brains and bodies crave more than the usual amount of sensory input to get those pleasure chemicals released do the extreme sports!